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GLP-1 receptor agonists are a class of medications used primarily to treat type 2 diabetes and, more recently, obesity. One well-known example is Ozempic, which contains the active ingredient semaglutide. These drugs mimic the action of a natural hormone called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is released in the gut after eating. By activating GLP-1 receptors, they stimulate insulin release, reduce glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying, and increase feelings of fullness. As a result, they help regulate blood glucose levels and often lead to significant weight loss.

While GLP-1 receptor agonists are effective for metabolic control, they can have indirect effects on oral health. One commonly reported issue is reduced salivary secretion (xerostomia). Saliva plays a crucial role in maintaining oral health by neutralising acids, washing away food debris, and controlling microbial growth. When saliva production decreases, the mouth becomes more susceptible to bacterial accumulation, which may increase the risk of dental caries and periodontal disease (gum disease).

Reduced saliva may also contribute to halitosis (bad breath). Saliva normally helps clear odor-producing bacteria and volatile sulfur compounds from the oral cavity. When salivary flow is diminished, these compounds can accumulate, leading to persistent oral malodor.

Another potential concern is the development or worsening of gum disease (gingivitis or periodontitis). Dry mouth can promote plaque buildup along the gumline, increasing inflammation of the gingival tissues. In addition, some patients using semaglutide experience nausea, vomiting, or reflux, which may expose teeth to gastric acids. Repeated acid exposure can contribute to dental erosion, weakening enamel over time.

Dehydration associated with reduced appetite or gastrointestinal side effects may further exacerbate oral dryness. Patients taking GLP-1 receptor agonists should therefore pay careful attention to oral hygiene, including regular tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste, flossing, maintaining adequate hydration, and attending routine dental check-ups.

Overall, while medications such as Ozempic provide important metabolic benefits, awareness of their potential oral side effects can help patients and dental professionals implement preventive strategies to protect long-term oral health.